References for Moxonidine

  1. Rahn KH, Barenbrock M, Hausberg M.The sympathetic nervous system in the pathogenesis of hypertension. J Hypertens 1999;17(suppl 3):S11-S14
  2. Mancia G, Di Rienzo M, Parati G, Grassi G. Sympathetic activity, blood pressure variability and end organ damage in hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 1997;11(suppl 1):S3-S8
  3. Goldstein DS. Plasma norepinephrine in essential hypertension. A study of the studies. Hypertension 1981;3:48-52
  4. Julius S, Valentini M. Consequences of the increased autonomic nervous drive in hypertension, heart failure and diabetes. Blood Press 1998;7(suppl 3):5-13
  5. Scherrer U, Randin D, Tappy L, et al. Body fat and sympathetic nerve activity in healthy subjects. Circulation 1994;89: 2634-2640
  6. Landsberg L. Diabetes, obesity and hypertension: role of insulin and the sympathetic nervous system. Cardiovasc Risk Factors 1993;3:153-158
  7. Jamerson KA, Julius S, Gudbrandsson T, et al. Reflex sympathetic activation induces acute insulin resistance in the human forearm. Hypertension 1993;21:618-623
  8. Huggett RJ, Scott EM, Gilbey SG, et al. Impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus on sympathetic neural mechanisms in hypertension. Circulation 2003;108:3097-3101
  9. Valensi P et al. Epidemiology of the prediabetic syndrome: link to risk factors. Presented at a satellite symposium at the ESC Congress 2004, Munich, Germany. (www.solvaycardio.com)
  10. Ritz E, Amann K, Fliser D. The sympathetic nervous system and the kidney: its importance in renal diseases. Blood Press 1998;7(suppl 3):14-19
  11. Haczynski J, Spring A, Przewlocka-Kosmala M, Flasinski J. Effect of moxonidine on left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients. J Clin Basic Cardiol 2001;4:61-65
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  15. Hamilton CA. Chemistry, mode of action and experimental pharmacology of moxonidine. In: van Zwieten PA et al, editors. The I1 Imidazoline Receptor Agonist Moxonidine. 2nd Edition.London: Roy Soc Med,1996:7-30
  16. Ernsberger PR, Westbrooks KL, Christen MO, et al. A second generation of centrally acting antihypertensive agents act on putative I1-imidazoline receptors. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1992; 20(suppl 4):S1-S10
  17. Mitrovic V, Patyna W, Hüting J, Schlepper M. Hemodynamic and neurohumoral effects of moxonidine in patients with essential hypertension. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1991;5:967-972
  18. Prichard BNC. Clinical pharmacology of moxonidine. In: van Zwieten PA et al, editors. The I1 Imidazoline Receptor Agonist Moxonidine. 2nd Edition. London: Roy Soc Med,1996:31-47
  19. Frei M, Küster L, Gardosch von Krosigk P-P, et al. Moxonidine and hydrochlorothiazide in combination: synergistic antihypertensive effect. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1994;24(suppl 1):S25-S28
  20. Prichard BNC, Simmons R, Rooks MJ, et al. A double-blind comparison of moxonidine and atenolol in the management of patients with mild-tomoderate hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1992;20(suppl 4):S45-S49
  21. Lotti G, Gianrossi R. Moxonidin vs. captopril in mild to moderate hypertension (German). Fortschr Med 1993;1117):429-432
  22. Kraft K, Vetter H. Twenty-four-hour blood pressure profiles in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension: moxonidine versus captopril. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1994;24(suppl 1):S29-S33
  23. Küppers HE, Jäger BA, Luszick JH,et al. Placebo-controlled comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of once-daily moxonidine and enalapril in mild-tomoderate essential hypertension. J Hypertens 1997;15:93-97
  24. Prichard BNC, Jager BA, Luszick JH, et al. Placebo-controlled comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of once-daily moxonidine and enalapril in mild-tomoderate essential hypertension. Blood Press 2002;11:166-172
  25. Prichard BNC, Küster LJ, Hughes PR,et al. Dose relation of blood pressure reduction with moxonidine: findings from three placebo- and active-controlled randomized studies. J Clin Basic Cardiol 2003;6:49-51
  26. Wolf R. The treatment of hypertensive patients with a calcium antagonist or moxonidine: a comparison. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1992;20(suppl 4):S42-S44
  27. Mangiameli S, Privitera A, Jonté G, Löw-Kröger A. Treatment of mild-tomoderate hypertension (German). Z Allg Med 1992;68:862-866
  28. Schwarz W, Kandziora J. Long-term experiences with moxonidine, a new antihypertensive (German).Fortschr Med 1990;32:S616-S620
  29. Trieb G, Jäger B, Hughes PR, et al. Long-term evaluation of the antihypertensive efficacy and tolerability of the orally acting imidazoline I1 receptor agonist moxonidine in patients with mild to-moderate essential hypertension. Eur JClin Res 1995;7:227-240
  30. Waters J, Ashford J, Jager B, et al. Use of moxonidine as initial therapy and in combination in the treatment of essential hypertension - Results of the TOPIC (Trial Of Physiotens In Combination) Study. J Clin Basic Cardiol 1999;2:219-24
  31. Haenni A, Lithell H. Moxonidine improves insulin sensitivity in insulinresistant hypertensives. J Hypertens 1999;17(suppl 3):S29-S35
  32. Almazov VA, Shlyakhto EV, Blagosklonnaya YV, et al. Insulin resistance and arterial hypertension - the influence of moxonidine and metformin therapy. J Hypertens 2000;18(suppl 2):12
  33. Betteridge J. Risk management with moxonidine: focus on ALMAZ and other trials in insulin resistance. Presented at a satellite symposium at the ESC Congress 2004, Munich, Germany. (www.solvaycardio.com)
  34. Jacob S, Klimm HJ, Rett K, et al. Effects of moxonidine vs metoprolol on blood pressure and metabolic control in hypertensive subjects with type 2 diabetes. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2004;112(6):315-322
  35. Kaaja R, Manhem K, Tuomilehto J. Treatment of postmenopausal hypertension with moxonidine, a selective imidazoline receptor agonist. Int J Clin Pract 2004;suppl 139:26-32
  36. Rayner B. Selective imidazoline agonist moxonidine plus the ACE inhibitor ramipril in hypertensive patients with impaired insulin sensitivity: partners in a successful MARRIAGE? Curr Med Res Opin 2004;20:359-367
  37. Sanjuliani AF, Genelhu de Abreu V, Ueleres Braga J, Francischetti EA. Effects of moxonidine on the sympathetic nervous system, blood pressure, plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone, leptin, and metabolic profile in obese hypertensive patients. J Clin Basic Cardiol 2004;7:19-25
  38. Abellán J, Leal M, Hernández-Menárguez F, et al. Efficacy of moxonidine in the treatment of hypertension in obese, noncontrolled hypertensive patients. Kidney Int 2005;67(suppl 93):S20-S24
  39. Neumann J, Ligtenberg G, Oey L, et al. Moxonidine normalizes sympathetic hyperactivity in patients with eprosartan treated chronic renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004;15:2902-2907
  40. Radermacher J, Mengel M, Ellis S, et al. The renal arterial resistance index and renal allograft survival. New Engl J Med 2003;349:115-124
  41. Krespi PG, Makris TK, Hatzizacharias AN, et al. Moxonidine effect on microalbuminuria, thrombomodulin, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels in patients with essential hypertension. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1998;12:463-467
  42. Strojek K, Grzeszczak W, Gorska J, et al. The effect of moxonidine on albumin excretion in normotensive, microalbuminuric type 1 diabetic patients. 36th Ann Meeting of the EASD (2000),Jerusalem, Israel, 17-21 September
  43. Vonend O, Marsalek P, Russ H, et al. Moxonidine treatment of hypertensive patients with advanced renal failure. J Hypertens 2003;21:1709-1717
  44. Prichard BNC.Clinical experience with moxonidine. In: van Zwieten PA et al, editors. The I1 Imidazoline Receptor Agonist Moxonidine. 2nd Edition. London: Roy Soc Med,1996:49-75
  45. Hall JE. Mechanisms of abnormal renal sodium handling in obesity hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1997;10:S49-S55
  46. Tuck ML, Sowers J, Dornfield L, et al. The effect of weight reduction on blood pressure, plasma renin activity, and plasma aldosterone in obese patients. N Engl J Med 1981;304:930-933
  47. Landsberg L. Diet, obesity and hypertension: a hypothesis involving insulin, the sympathetic nervous system, and adaptative thermogenesis. Q J Med 1986;236:1061-1090
  48. Rumantir MS, Vaz M, Jennings GL, et al. Neural mechanisms in human obesity-related hypertension. J Hypertens 1999;17:1125-1133
  49. Landsberg L.Pathophysiology of obesity-related hypertension. Role of insulin and sympathetic nervous system. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1994;23(suppl 1):S1-S8
  50. Barroso SG, Genelhu de Abreu V, Sanjuliani AF, et al. Leptin association with erythrocyte sodium content in obesity-related hypertension. Trace Elem Electrolytes 2003;20:134-139
  51. Masuo K, Mikami H, Ogihara T, Tuck ML. Weight reduction and pharmacologic treatment in obese hypertensives. Am J Hypertens 2001;14:530-538
  52. Burt VL, Whelton P, Roccella EJ, et al. Prevalence of hypertension in the US Adult Population. Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1991. Hypertension 1995;25:305-313
  53. Tong PL, Su TC, Sung FC, et al. Effects of menopause on intraindividual changes in serum lipids, blood pressure, and body weight - the Chin-Shan Community Cardiovascular Cohort study. Atherosclerosis 2002;161(2):409-415
  54. Mercuro G, Zoncu S, Cherchi A, Rosano GM. Can menopause be considered an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease? Ital Heart J 2001; 2(10):719-727
  55. Sjoberg L, Kaaja R, TuomilehtoJ. Epidemiology of postmenopausal hypertension. Int J Clin Pract 2004;suppl 139:4-12
  56. Staessen JA, van der Heijden-Speck JJ, Safar ME, et al. Menopause and the characteristics of the large arteries in a population study. J Hum Hypertens 2001;15(8):511-518
  57. Fisman EZ, Tenenbaum A, Pines A. Systemic hypertension in postmenopausal women: a clinical approach. Curr Hypertens Rep 2002;4(6):464-47
  58. James GD, Sealey JE, Muller F et al. Renin relationship to sex, race and age in normotensive population. J Hypertens 1986;4(suppl 5):S387-S389
  59. Mendelsohn ME. Protective effects of estrogen on the cardiovascular system. Am J Cardiol 2002;89(suppl 12):12E-17E
  60. Reckelhoff JF. Basic research into the mechanisms responsible for postmenopausal hypertension. Int J Clin Pract 2004;suppl 139:13-19
  61. Rosano GMC. The metabolic syndrome in women: implications for therapy. Int J Clin Pract 2004;suppl 139: 20-25
  62. Levy D, Garrison RJ, Savage DD, et al. Prognostic implication of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham Heart Study. N Engl J Med 1990;322:1561-1566
  63. Koren MJ, Devereux RB, Casale PN, et al. Relation of left ventricular mass and geometry to morbidity and mortality in uncomplicated essential hypertension. Ann Intern Med 1991;114:345-352
  64. Trimarco B, Ricciardelli B, De Luca N, et al. Participation of endogenous catecholamines in the regulation of left ventricular mass in progeny of hypertensive patients. Circulation 1985;72:38-46
  65. Bousquet P, Feldman J. Drugs acting on imidazoline receptors. A review of their pharmacology, their use in blood pressure control and their potential interest in cardioprotection. Drugs 1999;58:799-812
  66. Hüting J, Mitrovic V, Thormann J, et al. Left ventricular muscle mass essential hypertension under long-term clonidine treatment. Clin Cardiol 1991;14: 134-140
  67. Eichstädt H, Gatz G, Schröder R, et al. Left ventricular hypertrophy regression with moxonidine therapy (German). J Pharmacol Ther 1991;1:12-17
  68. Hüting J, Mitrovic V, Bahavar H. Comparison of the effects of moxonidine and nifedipine on left ventricular function during monotherapy of essential hypertension (German). Herz Kreislauf 1992;24:132-136
  69. Data on file, Solvay Pharmaceuticals GmbH
  70. Data on file, Solvay Pharmaceuticals GmbH
  71. van Zwieten PA. The renaissance of centrally acting antihypertensive drugs. J Hypertens 1999;17(suppl 3):S15-S21
  72. Haxhiu MA, Dreshaj I, Erokwu B, et al. Vasodepression elicited in hypertensive rats by the selective I 1imidazoline agonist moxonidine administered into the rostral ventrolateral medulla. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1992; 20(suppl 4):S11S15
  73. Haxhiu MA, Dreshaj I, Schäfer SG, et al. The I1-imidazoline agonist moxonidine is a selective central antihypertensive: lack of depressant action on central respiratory drive. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1993;7(suppl 2):155(Abstr 155)
  74. Kirch W, Hutt H-J, Plänitz V. Pharmacodynamic action and pharmacokinetics of moxonidine after single oral administration to hypertensive patients. J Clin Pharmacol 1990;30:1088-1095
  75. Elisaf MS, Petris C, Mairaktari E, et al. The effect of moxonidine on plasma lipid profile and on LDL subclass distribution. J Hum Hypertens 1999;13:781-785
  76. Theodor R, Weimann H-J, Weber W, et al. Absolute bio-availability of moxonidine. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 1991;16(2):153-159
  77. Trenk D, Wagner F, Jähnchen E, et al. Pharmacokinetics of moxonidine after single and repeated daily doses in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 1987;27: 988-993
  78. Weimann H-J, Rudolph M. Clinical pharmacokinetics of moxonidine. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1992;20(suppl 4):S37-S41
  79. Kirch W, Hutt H-J, Plänitz V. The influence of renal function on clinical pharmacokinetics of moxonidine. Clin Pharmacokinet 1988;15:245-253
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