Search The Medical Knowledge Base

Drug Details

XIGRIS Solution for Infusion

• Drug Class Description
  Antithrombotic agents, enzymes
• Generic Name
  Drotrecogin alfa
• Presentation
  Powder for solution for infusion. XIGRIS is supplied as a lyophilised, white to off-white powder.
• Description
  XIGRIS* 5mg powder for solution for infusion. XIGRIS 20mg powder for solution for infusion
• Indications
  

  XIGRIS is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with severe sepsis with multiple organ failure when added to best standard care. The use of XIGRIS should be considered mainly in situations when therapy can be started within 24 hours after the onset of organ failure.

• Adult Dosage
  

  XIGRIS should be used by experienced doctors in institutions skilled in the care of patients with severe sepsis.

  Treatment should be started within 48 hours, and preferably within 24 hours, of onset of the first documented sepsis-induced organ dysfunction.

  The recommended dose of XIGRIS is 24μg/kg/hr (based on actual body weight) given as a continuous intravenous infusion for a total duration of 96 hours. It is recommended that XIGRIS be infused with an infusion pump to accurately control the infusion rate. If the infusion is interrupted for any reason, XIGRIS should be restarted at the 24μg/kg/hr infusion rate and continued to complete the full recommended 96 hours of dosing administration. Dose escalation or bolus doses of XIGRIS are not necessary to account for the interruption in the infusion.

  No dose adjustments are required in adult patients with severe sepsis with regard to age, gender, hepatic function (as measured by transaminase levels), renal function, obesity or co-administration of prophylactic heparin. The pharmacokinetics of drotrecogin alfa (activated) have not been studied in patients with severe sepsis and pre-existing end-stage renal disease and chronic hepatic disease.

  Paediatrics: Data from a placebo-controlled clinical trial, which was stopped for futility after 477 patients 0 to 17 years old had received the study treatment, did not establish efficacy of XIGRIS in paediatric patients and showed a higher rate of central nervous system bleeding in the XIGRIS versus placebo group. Therefore, no dosage recommendation can be made and the use of XIGRIS is not recommended in children below the age of 18.

• Child Dosage
  Data from a placebo-controlled clinical trial, which was stopped for futility after 477 patients 0 to 17 years old had received the study drug, did not establish efficacy of Xigris in paediatric patients and showed a higher rate of central nervous system bleeding in the Xigris versus placebo group. Therefore, no dosage recommendation can be made and the use of Xigris is not recommended in children below the age of 18 (See Special Precautions).
• Elderly Dosage
  See Adult Dosage
• Contra Indications
  

  Hypersensitivity to the active substance, to any of the excipients, or to bovine thrombin (a trace residue from the manufacturing process).

  Because drotrecogin alfa (activated) may increase the risk of bleeding, XIGRIS is contra-indicated in the following situations:

  • Active internal bleeding.
  • Patients with intracranial pathology; neoplasm or evidence of cerebral herniation.
  • Concurrent heparin therapy 15 international units/kg/hr.
  • Known bleeding diathesis except for acute coagulopathy related to sepsis.
  • Chronic severe hepatic disease.
  • Platelet count <30,000 x 10⁶/l, even if the platelet count is increased after transfusions.
  • Patients at increased risk for bleeding (for example):

  a) Any major surgery, defined as surgery that requires general or spinal anaesthesia, performed within the 12-hour period immediately preceding drug infusion, or any postoperative patient who demonstrates evidence of active bleeding, or any patient with planned or anticipated surgery during the drug infusion period.

  b) History of severe head trauma that required hospitalisation, intracranial or intraspinal surgery, or haemorrhagic stroke within the previous 3 months, or any history of intracerebral arteriovenous malformation, cerebral aneurysm, or central nervous system mass lesion; patients with an epidural catheter or who are anticipated to receive an epidural catheter during drug infusion.

  c) History of congenital bleeding diatheses.

  d) Gastro-intestinal bleeding within the last 6 weeks that has required medical intervention unless definitive surgery has been performed.

  e) Trauma patients at increased risk of bleeding.

• Special Precautions
  

  Patients With Single Organ Dysfunction and Recent Surgery

  XIGRIS is not approved for the treatment of patients with single organ dysfunction and should not be used in this particular subgroup of patients, especially if they had recent surgery (within 30 days).

  In each of two randomised, placebo-controlled trials, PROWESS and ADDRESS, 28-day and in-hospital mortality were higher in patients treated with drotrecogin alfa (activated) compared to placebo for the sub-population of patients with single organ dysfunction and recent surgery (n = 98 in PROWESS and n = 636 in ADDRESS).

  Bleeding

  Drotrecogin alfa (activated) increases the risk of bleeding. In the following conditions, the risks of the administration of XIGRIS should be weighed against the anticipated benefits:

  • Recent administration (within 3 days) of thrombolytic therapy.
  • Recent administration (within 7 days) of oral anticoagulants.
  • Recent administration (within 7 days) of aspirin or other platelet inhibitors.
  • Recent (within 3 months) ischaemic stroke.
  • Any other condition in which the physician considers significant bleeding is likely.

  For procedures with an inherent bleeding risk, discontinue XIGRIS for 2 hours prior to the start of the procedure. XIGRIS may be restarted 12 hours after major invasive procedures or surgery if adequate haemostasis has been achieved. The incidence of serious bleeding events with XIGRIS was higher in patients with recent (within 30 days) surgery than in “medical” patients without surgery. Bleeding risk should be taken into account when considering the risk benefit for individual patients. XIGRIS may be restarted immediately after uncomplicated less invasive procedures if adequate haemostasis has been achieved.

  As a component of routine care, measures of haemostasis (e.g., activated partial thromboplastin time [APTT], prothrombin time [PT], and platelet count) should be obtained during the infusion of XIGRIS. If sequential tests of haemostasis indicate an uncontrolled or worsening coagulopathy that significantly increases the risk of bleeding, the benefits of continuing the infusion must be weighed against the potential increased risk of bleeding for that patient.

  Laboratory Tests

  Drotrecogin alfa (activated) has minimal effect on the PT. Prolongation of the APTT in patients with severe sepsis receiving XIGRIS may be due to the underlying coagulopathy, the pharmacodynamic effect of drotrecogin alfa (activated), and/or the effect of other concurrent medicinal products. The pharmacodynamic effect of drotrecogin alfa (activated) on the APTT assay is dependent on the reagent and instrument used to perform the assay and the time that elapses between sample acquisition and assay performance. Drotrecogin alfa (activated) that is present in a blood or plasma sample drawn from a patient who is being infused with the drug will be gradually neutralised by endogenous plasma protease inhibitors present in the sample. Virtually no measurable activity of drotrecogin alfa (activated) is present 2 hours after obtaining the blood sample. Due to these biological and analytical variables, the APTT should not be used to assess the pharmacodynamic effect of drotrecogin alfa (activated). In addition, approximately 2 hours after terminating the infusion of the drug, there is virtually no measurable activity of drotrecogin alfa (activated) remaining in the circulation of the patient; blood samples drawn for APTT determination after this point are no longer affected by the drug. The interpretation of sequential determinations of the PT and/or APTT should take these variables into consideration.

  Because drotrecogin alfa (activated) may affect the APTT assays, drotrecogin alfa (activated) present in plasma samples may interfere with one-stage coagulation assays based on the APTT (such as Factor VIII, IX, and XI assays). Drotrecogin alfa (activated) present in plasma samples does not interfere with one-stage factor assays based on the PT (such as Factor II, V, VII and X assays).

  If sequential measures of coagulopathy (including platelet count) indicate severe or worsening coagulopathy, the risk of continuing the infusion should be weighed against the expected benefit.

  Immunogenicity

  In adult patients in severe sepsis clinical studies, the frequency of anti-human Activated Protein C IgA/IgG/IgM antibodies or neutralising antibodies is low and is similar between drotrecogin alfa (activated) and placebo-treated patients tested. In patients developing antibodies adverse events were not more frequent in drotrecogin alfa (activated) than in placebo patients. There was no evidence that the antibodies detected represented a specific immune response to drotrecogin alfa (activated) therapy.

  There have been no clinical trials in severe sepsis specifically studying drotrecogin alfa (activated) re-administration. However, a small number of patients in severe sepsis controlled clinical trials received a prior course of drotrecogin alfa (activated). No hypersensitivity reactions were reported in these patients. Samples available were subsequently tested and all were negative for anti-human Activated Protein C antibody.

  No anti-activated Protein C antibody formation was detected in healthy subjects, even after repeat administration.

  However, the possibility of allergic reactions to constituents of the preparation cannot be completely excluded in certain predisposed patients. If allergic or anaphylactic reactions occur, treatment should be discontinued immediately and appropriate therapy initiated. If XIGRIS is readministered to patients, caution should be employed.

  Paediatric Patients

  XIGRIS is not recommended in children below the age of 18 and therefore it should not be used in children.

  Data from a placebo-controlled clinical trial did not establish efficacy of XIGRIS in paediatric patients suffering from severe sepsis, acute infection, systemic inflammation and respiratory and cardiovascular organ dysfunction. This trial was stopped for futility after 477 patients had received the study drug (out of 600 patients intended).

  A planned interim analysis (with 400 patients enrolled) showed a low likelihood of demonstrating a significant difference in the primary endpoint of “Composite Time to Complete Organ Failure Resolution” (CTCOFR score of 9.8 versus 9.7 mean days over 14 days). There was also no difference in 28-day mortality (17.1% versus 17.3% in the XIGRIS and placebo groups, respectively).

  Investigators attributed 2 deaths in the XIGRIS group and 5 deaths in the placebo group to bleeding events. There was a higher rate of central nervous system (CNS) bleeding in the drotrecogin alfa (activated) versus the placebo group. Over the infusion period (study days 0-6) the number of patients experiencing CNS bleeding was 5 versus 1 (2.1% versus 0.4%) for the overall population (drotrecogin alfa [activated] versus placebo), with 4 of the 5 events in the drotrecogin alfa (activated) group occurring in patients 60 days old or 3.5 kg bodyweight. Fatal CNS bleeding events, serious bleeding events (over the infusion period and over the 28-day study period), serious adverse events, and major amputations were similar in the drotrecogin alfa (activated) and placebo groups.

  XIGRIS 5mg: This medicinal product contains approximately 17mg sodium per vial. To be taken into consideration by patients on a controlled sodium diet.

  XIGRIS 20mg: This medicinal product contains approximately 68mg sodium per vial. To be taken into consideration by patients on a controlled sodium diet.

• Interactions
  

  Caution should be employed when XIGRIS is used with other drugs that affect haemostasis, including Protein C, thrombolytics (e.g., streptokinase, tPA, rPA and urokinase), oral anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin), hirudins, antithrombin, aspirin and other anti-platelets agents, e.g., non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ticlopidine and clopidogrel, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists (such as abciximab, eptifibatide, tirofiban) and prostacyclins, such as iloprost.

  Co-administration of Low-dose Heparin for Prophylaxis of Venous Thrombotic Events (VTE)

  Low-dose heparin for VTE prophylaxis may be co-administered with drotrecogin alfa (activated). In a randomised study of heparin versus placebo (XPRESS) in 1,935 adult severe sepsis patients, all treated with drotrecogin alfa (activated), prophylactic heparin did not adversely affect mortality (heparin 28.3% versus placebo 31.9% in the overall ITT population, and heparin 30.3% versus placebo 26.9% in patients with multiple organ dysfunction treated within 24 hours of their first sepsis-induced organ dysfunction (n=890)). In the subgroup of 885 patients who were already receiving prophylactic heparin at study entry, mortality was 26.9% in the group randomised to continue heparin versus 35.6% in the group whose randomisation (to placebo) led to the discontinuation of heparin. However, the reasons for this difference are unknown and could be related to other factors. Additionally, there was no increased risk of serious bleeding, including central nervous system (CNS) bleeding. Prophylactic heparin increased the risk of non-serious bleeding. There was no statistical difference in the rates of VTE between study arms.

• Adverse Drug Reactions
  

  XIGRIS increases the risk of bleeding.

  The Phase 3 international, multi-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial (PROWESS) involved 850 drotrecogin alfa (activated)-treated and 840 placebo-treated patients. The percentage of patients experiencing at least one bleeding event in the two treatment groups was 24.9% and 17.7%, respectively. In both treatment groups, the majority of bleeding events were ecchymosis or gastro-intestinal tract bleeding. The difference in the incidence of serious bleeding events between the two treatment groups occurred primarily during study drug administration.

  A total of 2,378 adult patients with severe sepsis received drotrecogin alfa (activated) in a Phase 3b, international, single-arm, open-label clinical trial (ENHANCE).

  The incidence of serious bleeding events in the PROWESS and ENHANCE studies is provided below. In these studies, serious bleeding events included any intracranial haemorrhage, any life-threatening or fatal bleed, any bleeding event requiring the administration of 3 units of packed red blood cells per day for 2 consecutive days, or any bleeding event assessed as serious by the investigator.

  A Phase 3b, international, multi-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial (ADDRESS) of adult severe sepsis patients at low risk of death involved 1,317 drotrecogin alfa (activated)-treated and 1,293 placebo-treated patients. The percentage of patients experiencing at least one bleeding event in the two treatment groups was 10.9% and 6.4%, respectively (P <0.001). Bleeding events included serious bleeding events, bleeding events assessed as possibly study drug related by the investigator, bleeding events associated with the need for a red blood cell transfusion, and bleeding events that led to permanent discontinuation of the study drug. In the ADDRESS trial, serious bleeding events included any fatal bleed, any life-threatening bleed, any CNS bleed, or any bleeding event assessed as serious by the investigator.

  Serious Bleeding Events During the Infusion Period

  The following table lists the percentage of patients in PROWESS and ENHANCE experiencing serious bleeding events by site of haemorrhage during the study drug infusion period (defined as the duration of infusion plus the next full calendar day following the end of the infusion).

  Site of Haemorrhage	Drotrecogin Alfa (Activated) [PROWESS] n = 850	Placebo [PROWESS] n = 850	Drotrecogin Alfa (Activated)in Alfa (Activated) [ENHANCE] n = 2,378
  Gastro-intestinal	5 (0.6%)	4 (0.5%)	19 (0.8%)
  Intra-abdominal	2 (0.2%)	3 (0.4%)	18 (0.8%)
  Intra-thoracic	4 (0.5%)	0	11 (0.5%)
  Retroperitoneal	3 (0.4%)	0	4 (0.2%)
  Central nervous system (CNS)1	2 (0.2%)	0	15 (0.6%)
  Genito-urinary	2 (0.2%)	0	0
  Skin/soft tissue	1 (0.1%)	0	16 (0.7%)
  Nasopharyngeal	0	0	4 (0.2%)
  Joint/bone	0	0	1 (0.04%)
  Site unknown2	1 (0.1%)	1 (0.1%)	6 (0.3%)
  Total	20 (2.4%)	8 (1.0%)	853 (3.6%)

  ¹ CNS bleeding is defined as any bleed in the central nervous system, including the following types of haemorrhage: petechial, parenchymal, subarachnoid, subdural, and stroke with haemorrhagic transformation.

  ² Patients requiring the administration of 3 units of packed red blood cells per day for 2 consecutive days without an identified site of bleeding.

  ³ In ENHANCE, six patients experienced multiple serious bleeding events during the study drug infusion period (94 events observed in 85 patients).

  During the infusion period in PROWESS and ENHANCE, the incidence of serious bleeding events with XIGRIS was numerically higher in patients with recent (within 30 days) surgery than in patients without surgery (PROWESS: 3.3% versus 2.0%; ENHANCE: 5.0% versus 3.1% respectively. Placebo rates in PROWESS 0.4% versus 1.2% respectively).

  In ADDRESS, the percentage of treated patients experiencing a serious bleeding event by site of haemorrhage was similar to that observed in PROWESS. The incidence of serious bleeding events during infusion (defined as study day 0 through study day 6) was 31 (2.4%) and 15 (1.2%) in drotrecogin alfa (activated)-treated and placebo-treated patients, respectively (P = 0.02). The incidence of CNS bleeds during infusion was 4 (0.3%) and 3 (0.2%) for drotrecogin alfa (activated)-treated and placebo-treated patients, respectively. Recent surgery (within 30 days prior to study entry) was associated with a numerically higher risk of serious bleeding during infusion in both the XIGRIS-treated and the placebo-treated patients (XIGRIS: 3.6% in patients with recent surgery versus 1.6% in patients without recent surgery; placebo: 1.6% versus 0.9%, respectively).

  In XPRESS, a randomised study of prophylactic heparin versus placebo in adult severe sepsis patients, all treated with drotrecogin alfa (activated), serious bleeding rates were consistent with those observed in previous studies over the treatment period of 0-6 days, and prophylactic heparin did not increase the risk of serious bleeding compared to placebo (2.3% versus 2.5%, respectively), including CNS bleeding (0.3% on both arms). However, prophylactic heparin increased the risk of non-serious bleeding compared with placebo (8.7% versus 5.7%, respectively; P = 0.0116).

  Serious Bleeding Events During the 28-Day Study Period

  In PROWESS, the incidence of serious bleeding events during the 28-day study period was 3.5% and 2.0% in drotrecogin alfa (activated)-treated and placebo-treated patients, respectively. The incidence of CNS bleeds during the 28-day study period was 0.2% and 0.1% for drotrecogin alfa (activated)-treated and placebo-treated patients, respectively. The risk of CNS bleeding may increase with severe coagulopathy and severe thrombocytopenia.

  In the open-label ENHANCE study, the incidence of serious bleeding events during the 28-day study period was 6.5%, and the incidence of CNS bleeds during the 28-day study period was 1.5%.

  In the placebo-controlled ADDRESS study, the incidence of serious bleeding events during the 28-day study period was 51 (3.9%) and 28 (2.2%) in drotrecogin alfa (activated)-treated and placebo-treated patients, respectively (P = 0.01). The incidence of CNS bleeds during the 28-day study period was 6 (0.5%) and 5 (0.4%) for drotrecogin alfa (activated)-treated and placebo-treated patients, respectively.

  In XPRESS, serious bleeding rates were consistent with those observed in previous studies during the 28-day study period (days 0-28). Prophylactic heparin did not increase the risk of serious bleeding compared to placebo (3.9% versus 5.2%, respectively), including CNS bleeding (1.0% versus 0.7%, respectively).

  In the Phase 1 studies, adverse events with a frequency of 5% included headache (30.9%), ecchymosis (23.0%), and pain (5.8%).