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Drug Details

Femoston-conti

• Drug Class Description
  Oestrogens / progestogens.
• Generic Name
  Estradiol [oestradiol], dydrogesterone
• Presentation
  Film-coated tablet. Salmon-coloured, round, biconvex, '379' on the side
• Description
  Each film-coated tablet contains 1 mg estradiol as estradiol hemihydrate and 5 mg dydrogesterone.
• Indications
  Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for estrogen deficiency symptoms in postmenopausal women. Femoston-conti should be used only in postmenopausal women more than 12 months after menopause. Prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women at high risk of future fractures who are intolerant of, or contraindicated for, other medicinal products approved for the prevention of osteoporosis. The experience in treating women older than 65 years is limited
• Adult Dosage
  

  Femoston-conti is a continuous combined HRT.

  The dosage is one tablet per day. Femoston-conti should be taken continuously without a break between packs.

  Femoston-conti can be taken with or without food.

  Starting Femoston-conti:

  Women experiencing a natural menopause should commence treatment with Femoston-conti 12 months after their last natural menstrual bleed. For surgically induced menopause, treatment may start immediately.

  In women who are not taking hormone replacement therapy or women, who switch from a continuous combined hormone replacement therapy, treatment may be started on any convenient day. In women transferring from a cyclic or continuous sequential HRT regimen, treatment should begin the day following completion of the prior regimen.

  If a dose has been forgotten, it should be taken as soon as possible. When more than 12 hours have elapsed, it is recommended to continue with the next dose without taking the forgotten tablet. The likelihood of breakthrough bleeding or spotting may be increased.

  For initiation and continuation of treatment of postmenopausal symptoms, the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration should be used.

• Child Dosage
  Not applicable.
• Contra Indications
  

  Known, past or suspected breast cancer;

  Known or suspected estrogen-dependent malignant tumours (e.g. endometrial cancer);

  Undiagnosed genital bleeding;

  Untreated endometrial hyperplasia;

  Previous idiopathic or current venous thromboembolism (deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism);

  Active or recent arterial thromboembolic disease (e.g. angina, myocardial infarction);

  Acute liver disease or a history of liver disease as long as liver function tests have failed to return to normal;

  Known hypersensitivity to the active substances or to any of the excipients;

  Porphyria.

• Special Precautions
  

  For the treatment of postmenopausal symptoms, HRT should only be initiated for symptoms that adversely affect quality of life. In all cases, a careful appraisal of the risks and benefits should be undertaken at least annually and HRT should only be continued as long as the benefit outweighs the risk.

  Medical examination/follow up

  Before initiating or reinstituting HRT, a complete personal and family medical history should be taken. Physical (including pelvic and breast) examination should be guided by this and by the contraindications and warnings for use. During treatment, periodic check-ups are recommended of a frequency and nature adapted to the individual woman. Women should be advised what changes in their breasts should be reported to their doctor or nurse. Investigations, including mammography, should be carried out in accordance with currently accepted screening practices, modified to the clinical needs of the individual.

  Conditions which need supervision

  If any of the following conditions are present, have occurred previously, and/or have been aggravated during pregnancy or previous hormone treatment, the patient should be closely supervised. It should be taken into account that these conditions may recur or be aggravated during treatment with Femoston-conti in particular:

  - Leiomyoma (uterine fibroids) or endometriosis

  - A history of, or risk factors for, thromboembolic disorders (see below)

  - Risk factors for estrogen dependent tumours, e.g. 1^st degree heredity for breast cancer

  - Hypertension

  - Liver disorders (e.g. liver adenoma)

  - Diabetes mellitus with or without vascular involvement

  - Cholelithiasis

  - Migraine or (severe) headache

  - Systemic lupus erythematosus

  - A history of endometrial hyperplasia (see below)

  - Epilepsy

  - Asthma

  - Otosclerosis

   

  Reasons for immediate withdrawal of therapy:

  Therapy should be discontinued in cases where a contra-indication is discovered and in the following situations:

  - Jaundice or deterioration in liver function

  - Significant increase in blood pressure

  - New onset of migraine-type headache

  - Pregnancy

  Endometrial hyperplasia

  The risk of endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma is increased when estrogens are administered alone for prolonged periods. The addition of a progestagen for at least 12 days per cycle in non-hysterectomised women greatly reduces this risk.

  Break-through bleeding and spotting may occur during the first months of treatment. If break-through bleeding or spotting appears after some time on therapy, or continues after treatment has been discontinued, the reason should be investigated, which may include endometrial biopsy to exclude endometrial malignancy.

  Breast cancer

  A randomised placebo-controlled trial, the Womens Health Initiative study (WHI) and epidemiological studies, including the Million Women Study (MWS), have reported an increased risk of breast cancer in women taking estrogens, estrogen-progestagen combinations or tibolone for HRT for several years.

  For all HRT, an excess risk becomes apparent within a few years of use and increases with duration of intake but returns to baseline within a few (at most five) years after stopping treatment.

  In the MWS, the relative risk of breast cancer with conjugated equine estrogens (CEE) or estradiol (E2) was greater when a progestagen was added, either sequentially or continuously, and regardless of type of progestagen. There was no evidence of a difference in risk between the different routes of administration.

  In the WHI study, the continuous combined conjugated equine estrogen and medroxyprogesterone acetate (CEE + MPA) product used was associated with breast cancers that were slightly larger in size and more frequently had local lymph node metastases compared to placebo.

  HRT, especially estrogen-progestagen combined treatment, increases the density of mammographic images which may adversely affect the radiological detection of breast cancer.

  Venous thromboembolism

  HRT is associated with a higher relative risk of developing venous thromboembolism (VTE), i.e. deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. One randomised controlled trial and epidemiological studies found a two-to threefold higher risk for users compared with non-users. For non-users, it is estimated that the number of cases of VTE that will occur over a 5 year period is about 3 per 1000 women aged 50-59 years and 8 per 1000 women aged between 60-69 years. It is estimated that in healthy women who use HRT for 5 years, the number of additional cases of VTE over a 5 year period will be between 2 and 6 (best estimate = 4) per 1000 women aged 50-59 years and between 5 and 15 (best estimate = 9) per 1000 women aged 60-69 years. The occurrence of such an event is more likely in the first year of HRT than later.

  • Generally recognised risk factors for VTE include a personal or family history; severe obesity (BMI>30 kg/m²) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). There is no consensus about the possible role of varicose veins in VTE.

  • Patients with a history of VTE or known thrombophilic states have an increased risk of VTE. HRT may add to this risk. Personal or strong family history of thromboembolism or recurrent spontaneous abortion should be investigated in order to exclude a thrombophilic predisposition. Until a thorough evaluation of thrombophilic factors has been made or anticoagulant treatment initiated, use of HRT in such patients should be viewed as contraindicated. Those women already on anticoagulant treatment require careful consideration of the benefit-risk of use of HRT.

  • The risk of VTE may be temporarily increased with prolonged immobilisation, major trauma or major surgery. As in all postoperative patients, scrupulous attention should be given to prophylactic measures to prevent VTE following surgery. Where prolonged immobilisation is liable to follow elective surgery, particularly abdominal or orthopaedic surgery to the lower limbs, consideration should be given to temporarily stopping HRT 4 to 6 weeks earlier, if possible. Treatment should not be restarted until the women is completely mobilised.

  • If VTE develops after initiating therapy, the drug should be discontinued. Patients should be told to contact their doctors immediately when they are aware of a potential thromboembolic symptom (e.g. painful swelling of a leg, sudden pain in the chest, dyspnea).

  Coronary artery disease (CAD)

  There is no evidence from randomised controlled trials of cardiovascular benefit with continuous combined conjugated estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). Two large clinical trials (WHI and HERS i.e. Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study) showed a possible increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity in the first year of use and no overall benefit. For other HRT products there are only limited data from randomised controlled trials examining effects in cardiovascular morbidity or mortality. Therefore, it is uncertain whether these findings also extend to other HRT products.

  Stroke

  One large randomised clinical trial (WHI-trial) found, as a secondary outcome, an increased risk of ischaemic stroke in healthy women during treatment with continuous combined conjugated estrogens and MPA. For women who do not use HRT, it is estimated that the number of cases of stroke that will occur over a 5 year period is about 3 per 1000 women aged 50-59 and 11 per 1000 women aged 60-69 years. It is estimated that for women who use conjugated estrogens and MPA for 5 years, the number of additional cases will be between 0 and 3 (best estimate = 1) per 1000 users aged 50-59 years and between 1 and 9 (best estimate = 4) per 1000 users aged 60-69 years. It is unknown whether the increased risk also extends to other HRT products.

  Ovarian cancer

  Long-term (at least 5 to 10 years) use of estrogen-only HRT products in hysterectomised women has been associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer in some epidemiological studies. It is uncertain whether long term use of combined HRT confers a different risk than estrogen-only products

  Other conditions

  − Estrogens may cause fluid retention and therefore patients with cardiac or renal dysfunction should be carefully observed. Patients with terminal renal insufficiency should be closely observed, since it is expected that the level of circulating active ingredients in Femoston-conti is increased.

  − Women with pre-existing hypertriglyceridemia should be followed closely during estrogen replacement or hormone replacement therapy, since rare cases of large increases of plasma triglycerides leading to pancreatitis have been reported with estrogen therapy in this condition.

  − Estrogens increase thyroid binding globulin (TBG), leading to increased circulating total thyroid hormone, as measured by protein-bound iodine (PBI), T4 levels (by column or by radio-immunoassay) or T3 levels (by radio-immunoassay). T3 resin uptake is decreased, reflecting the elevated TBG. Free T4 and free T3 concentrations are unaltered. Other binding proteins may be elevated in serum, i.e. corticoid binding globulin (CBG), sex -hormone—binding globulin (SHBG) leading to increased circulating corticosteroids and sex steroids, respectively. Free or biological active hormone concentrations are unchanged. Other plasma proteins may be increased (angiotensinogen/renin substrate, alpha-1-antitrypsin, ceruloplasmin).

  − There is no conclusive evidence for improvement of cognitive function. There is some evidence from the WHI trial of increased risk of probable dementia in women who start using continuous combined CEE and MPA after the age of 65. It is unknown whether the findings apply to younger post-menopausal women or other HRT products.

  This medicinal product contains lactose monohydrate and therefore should not be used by patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption.

• Interactions
  

  - The metabolism of estrogens and progestagens may be increased by concomitant use of substances known to induce drug-metabolising enzymes, specifically cytochrome P450 enzymes, such as anticonvulsants (eg. phenobarbital, phenytoin, carbamezapine) and anti-infectives (e.g. rifampicin, rifabutin, nevirapine, efavirenz).

  - Ritonavir and nelfinavir, although known as strong inhibitors, by contrast exhibit inducing properties when used concomitantly with steroid hormones.

  - Herbal preparations containing St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) may induce the metabolism of estrogens and progestagens.

  - Clinically an increased metabolism of estrogens and progestagens may lead to decreased effect and changes in the uterine bleeding profile.

• Adverse Drug Reactions
  

  Undesirable effects reported in clinical trials and in postmarketing experience are the following:

  MedDRA system organ class	Common >1/100, <1/10	Uncommon >1/1,000, <1/100	Rare >1/10,000, <1/1,000	Very rare <1/10,000 incl. isolated reports
  Infections and infestations		Cystitis-like syndrome, Vaginal candidiasis
  Neoplasms benign, Malignant and unspecified		Increase in size of leiomyoma
  Blood and the lymphatic system disorders				Haemolytic anaemia
  Psychiatric disorders		Depression, Change in libido, Nervousness
  Nervous system disorders	Headache, Migraine	Dizziness		Chorea
  Eye disorders			Intolerance to contact lenses, Steepening of corneal curvature
  Cardiac disorders				Myocardial infarction
  Vascular disorders		Hypertension, Peripheral vascular disease, Varicose vein, Venous thromboembolism		Stroke
  Gastrointestinal disorders	Nausea, Abdominal pain, Flatulence	Dyspepsia		Vomiting
  Hepatobiliary disorders		Gall bladder disease	Alterations in liver function, sometimes with asthenia or malaise, jaundice and abdominal pain
  Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders		Allergic skin reactions, Rash, Urticaria, Pruritus		Chloasma or melasma, which may persist when drug is discontinued, Erythema multiforme, Erythema nodosum, Vascular purpura, Angioedema
  Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders	Leg cramps	Back pain
  Reproductive system and breast disorders	Breast pain/tenderness, Breakthrough bleeding and spotting Pelvic pain	Change in cervical erosion, Change in cervical secretion, Dysmenorrhoea, Menorrhagia, Metrorrhagia	Breast enlargement, Premenstrual-like symptoms
  Congenital and familial/genetic disorders				Aggravation of porphyria
  General disorders and administration site reactions	Asthenia	Peripheral oedema
  Investigations	Increase/decrease in weight

   

  Breast cancer

  According to evidence from a large number of epidemiological studies and one randomised placebo-controlled trial, the Women's Health Initiative (WHI), the overall risk of breast cancer increases with increasing duration of HRT use in current or recent HRT users.

  For estrogen-only HRT, estimates of relative risk (RR) from a reanalysis of original data from 51 epidemiological studies (in which>80% of HRT use was estrogen-only HRT) and from the epidemiological Million Women Study (MWS) are similar at 1.35 (95%CI 1.21 – 1.49) and 1.30 (95%CI 1.21 – 1.40), respectively.

  For estrogen plus progestagen combined HRT, several epidemiological studies have reported an overall higher risk for breast cancer than with estrogens alone.

  The MWS reported that, compared to never users, the use of various types of estrogen-progestagen combined HRT was associated with a higher risk of breast cancer (RR = 2.00, 95%CI: 1.88 – 2.12) than use of estrogens alone (RR = 1.30, 95%CI: 1.21 – 1.40) or use of tibolone (RR=1.45; 95%CI 1.25-1.68).

  The WHI trial reported a risk estimate of 1.24 (95%CI 1.01 – 1.54) after 5.6 years of use of estrogen-progestagen combined HRT (CEE + MPA) in all users compared with placebo.

  The absolute risks calculated from the MWS and the WHI trials are presented below:

  The MWS has estimated, from the known average incidence of breast cancer in developed countries, that:

  -- For women not using HRT, about 32 in every 1000 are expected to have breast cancer diagnosed between the ages of 50 and 64 years.

  - For 1000 current or recent users of HRT, the number of additional cases during the corresponding period will be

  - For users of estrogen-only replacement therapy

  • between 0 and 3 (best estimate = 1.5) for 5 years' use

  • between 3 and 7 (best estimate = 5) for 10 years' use.

  - For users of estrogen plus progestagen combined HRT,

  • between 5 and 7 (best estimate = 6) for 5 years' use

  • between 18 and 20 (best estimate = 19) for 10 years' use.

  The WHI trial estimated that after 5.6 years of follow-up of women between the ages of 50 and 79 years, an additional 8 cases of invasive breast cancer would be due to estrogen-progestagen combined HRT (CEE + MPA) per 10,000 women years.

  According to calculations from the trial data, it is estimated that:

  - For 1000 women in the placebo group,

  • about 16 cases of invasive breast cancer would be diagnosed in 5 years.

  - For 1000 women who used estrogen + progestagen combined HRT (CEE + MPA), the number of additional cases would be

  •between 0 and 9 (best estimate = 4) for 5 years' use.

  The number of additional cases of breast cancer in women who use HRT is broadly similar for women who start HRT irrespective of age at start of use (between the ages of 45-65)

  Endometrial cancer

  In women with an intact uterus, the risk of endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer increases with increasing duration of use of unopposed estrogens. According to data from epidemiological studies, the best estimate of the risk is that for women not using HRT, about 5 in every 1000 are expected to have endometrial cancer diagnosed between the ages of 50 and 65. Depending on the duration of treatment and estrogen dose, the reported increase in endometrial cancer risk among unopposed estrogen users varies from 2-to 12-fold greater compared with non-users. Adding a progestagen to estrogen-only therapy greatly reduces this increased risk.

  Other adverse reactions have been reported in association with estrogen/progestagen treatment:

  - Estrogen-dependent neoplasms benign and malignant, e.g. endometrial cancer.

  - Venous thromboembolism, i.e. deep leg or pelvic venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, is more frequent among hormone replacement therapy users than among non-users. 

  - Probable dementia