Drug Class Description

Drug Description

Presentation

Indications

For the prevention of pain associated with the following procedures:

Otorhinolaryngology – Puncture of the maxillary sinus and minor surgical procedures in the nasal cavity, pharynx and epipharynx. Paracentesis.

Obstetrics During the final stages of delivery and before episiotomy and perineal suturing as supplementary pain control. Introduction of instruments and catheters into the respiratory and digestive tract Provides surface anaesthesia for the oropharyngeal and tracheal areas to reduce reflex activity, attenuate haemodynamic response and to facilitate insertion of the tube or the passage of instruments during endotracheal intubation, laryngoscopy, bronchoscopy and oesophagoscopy. Dental practice Before injections, dental impressions, X-ray photography, removal of calculus.

Adult Dosage

As with any local anaesthetic, reactions and complications are best averted by employing the minimal effective dosage. Debilitated or elderly patients and children should be given doses commensurate with their age and physical condition.

Xylocaine Spray should not be used on cuffs of endotracheal tubes (ETT) made of plastic .

Each activation of the metered dose valve delivers 10 mg lidocaine base. It is unnecessary to dry the site prior to application. No more than 20 spray applications should be used in any adult to produce the desired anaesthetic effect.

The number of sprays depend on the extent of the area to be anaesthetised.

–Dental practice

1–5 applications to the mucous membranes.

–Otorhinolaryngology

3 applications for puncture of the maxillary sinus.

–During delivery

Up to 20 applications (200 mg lidocaine base).

–Introduction of instruments and catheters into the respiratory and digestive tract

Up to 20 applications (200 mg lidocaine base) for procedures in pharynx, larynx, and trachea.

Child Dosage

Contra Indications

Known history of hypersensitivity to local anaesthetics of the amide-type or to other components of the spray solution

Special Precautions

Excessive dosage, or short intervals between doses, may result in high plasma levels and serious adverse effects. Absorption from mucous membranes is variable but is especially high from the bronchial tree. Such applications may therefore result in rapidly rising or excessive plasma concentrations, with an increased risk of toxic symptoms, such as convulsions. Xylocaine Spray should be used with caution in patients with wounds or traumatised mucosa in the region of the proposed application. A damaged mucosa will permit increased systemic absorption. The management of serious adverse reactions may require the use of resuscitative equipment, oxygen and other resuscitative drugs.

In paralysed patients under general anaesthesia, higher blood concentrations may occur than in spontaneously breathing patients. Unparalysed patients are more likely to swallow a large proportion of the dose, which then undergoes considerable first-pass hepatic metabolism following absorption from the gut.

The oropharyngeal use of topical anaesthetic agents may interfere with swallowing and thus enhance the danger of aspiration. This is particularly important in children because of their frequency of eating. Numbness of the tongue or buccal mucosa may increase the danger of biting trauma.

If the dose or site of administration is likely to result in high blood levels, lidocaine, in common with other local anaesthetics, should be used with caution in the following patients who will require special attention to prevent potentially dangerous side effects:

• Patients with epilepsy.

• Patients with cardiovascular disease and heart failure.

• Patients with impaired cardiac conduction or bradycardia.

• Patients with severe renal dysfunction.

• Patients with impaired hepatic function.

• Patients in severe shock.

• The elderly and patients in poor general health.

Avoid contact with the eyes.

Patients treated with antiarrhythmic drugs class III (e.g. amiodarone) should be under close surveillance and ECG monitoring considered, since cardiac effects may be additive.

Xylocaine Spray should not be used on cuffs of endotracheal tubes (ETT) made of plastic. Lidocaine base in contact with both PVC and non-PVC cuffs of endotracheal tubes may cause damage of the cuff. This damage is described as pinholes, which may cause leakage that could lead to pressure loss in the cuff.

Xylocaine Spray is probably porphyrinogenic and should only be prescribed to patients with acute porphyria on strong or urgent indications. Appropriate precautions should be taken for all porphyric patients.

Interactions

Lidocaine should be used with caution in patients receiving other local anaesthetics or agents structurally related to amide-type local anaesthetics e.g. antiarrhythmic drugs such as mexiletine, since the toxic effects are additive.

Specific interaction studies with lidocaine and antiarrhythmic drugs class III (e.g. amiodarone) have not been performed, but caution is advised.

Drugs that reduce the clearance of lidocaine (e.g. cimetidine or beta-blockers) may cause potentially toxic plasma concentrations when lidocaine is given in repeated high doses over a long time period. Such interactions should therefore be of no clinical importance following short-term treatment with lidocaine (e.g. Xylocaine Spray) at recommended doses

Adverse Reactions

In extremely rare cases amide-type local anaesthetic preparations have been associated with allergic reactions (in the most severe instances anaphylactic shock).

Local irritation at the application site has been described. Following application to laryngeal mucosa before endotracheal intubation, reversible symptoms such as “sore throat”, “hoarseness” and “loss of voice” have been reported. The use of Xylocaine pump spray provides surface anaesthesia during an endotracheal procedure but does not prevent post-intubation soreness.

Systemic adverse reactions are rare and may result from high plasma levels due to excessive dosage or rapid absorption (e.g. following application to areas below the vocal chords) or from hypersensitivity, idiosyncrasy or reduced tolerance on the part of the patient. Such reactions involve the central nervous system and/or the cardiovascular system.

CNS reactions are excitatory and/or depressant and may be characterised by nervousness, dizziness, convulsions, unconsciousness and possibly respiratory arrest. The excitatory reactions may be very brief or may not occur at all, in which case the first manifestations of toxicity may be drowsiness, merging into unconsciousness and respiratory arrest.

Cardiovascular reactions are depressant and may be characterised by hypotension, myocardial depression, bradycardia and possibly cardiac arrest.

Manufacturer

Drug Availability

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