Generic Name

Drug Description

Presentation

Indications

The management of all grades of hypertension, angina pectoris and the control of tachyarrhythmias.

Adult Dosage

Hypertension: Initial dosage of 400mg orally once daily at breakfast or 200mg orally twice daily. If response is not adequate within two weeks, dosage may be increased up to 400mg orally twice daily; if the hypertension is still not adequately controlled consideration should be given to adding a second antihypertensive agent such as the calcium antagonist nifedipine or small doses of a thiazide diuretic.

Angina pectoris: Initial dosage of 400mg orally once daily at breakfast or 200mg twice daily. In severe forms up to 300mg three times daily may be required. Up to 1200mg daily has been used.

Cardiac Arrhythmias: When given orally, an initial dose of 200mg is recommended. The daily dose requirement for long term anti arrhythmic activity should lie between 400 and 1200mg daily. The dose can be gauged by response, and better control may be achieved by divided doses rather than single doses. It may take up to three hours for maximal anti-arrhythmic effect to become apparent.

Elderly: There are no specific dosage recommendations for the elderly with normal glomerular filtration rate. Dose reduction is necessary if moderate to severe renal impairment is present.

Children: Paediatric dose has not been established.

For all indications, it is advised that the lowest recommended dosage be used initially.

Child Dosage

Contra Indications

Cardiogenic shock is an absolute contraindication. Extreme caution is required in patients with blood pressures of the order of 100/60 mmHg or below. SECTRAL/ACEBUTOLOL is also contraindicated in patients with second and third degree heart block, sick sinus syndrome, marked bradycardia (< 45-50 bpm), uncontrolled heart failure, metabolic acidosis, severe .peripheral circulatory disorders, hypersensitivity to acebutolol, any of the excipients or to beta blockers, and untreated phaeochromocytoma.

Special Precautions

Renal impairment is not a contraindication to the use of SECTRAL/ACEBUTOLOL which has both renal and non-renal excretory pathways. Some caution should be exercised when administering high doses to patients with severe renal failure as accumulation could possibly occur in these circumstances.

The dosage frequency should not exceed once daily in patients with renal impairment. As a guide, the dosage should be reduced by 50% when glomerular filtration rates are between 25-50ml/min and by 75% when they are below 25ml/min.

Drug-induced bronchospasm is usually at least partially reversible by the use of a suitable agonist.

Although cardio-selective beta blockers may have less effect on lung function than non-selective beta blockers as with all beta blockers they should be avoided in patients with obstructive airways disease unless there are compelling clinical reasons for their use. Where such reasons exist, cardio-selective β-blockers should be used with the utmost care.

Beta-blockers may induce bradycardia. In such cases, the dosage should be reduced.

They may be used with care in patients with controlled heart failure.

Use with caution in patients with Prinzmetal's angina.

Beta blockers may aggravate peripheral circulatory disorders. They may mask signs of thyrotoxicosis and hypoglycaemia. They should only be used in patients with phaeochromocytoma with comcomitant alpha-adrenoceptor therapy

Patients with known psoriasis should take beta-blockers only after careful consideration.

Beta-blockers may increase both the sensitivity towards allergens and the seriousness of anaphylactic reactions.

Withdrawal of treatment by beta blockers should be achieved by gradual dosage reduction; this is especially important in patients with ischaemic heart disease

When it has been decided to interrupt beta-blockade prior to surgery, therapy should be discontinued for at least 24 hours. Continuation of therapy reduces the risk of arrhythmias but the risk of hypotension may be increased. If treatment is continued, caution should be observed with the use of certain anaesthetic drugs. The patient may be protected against vagal reactions by intravenous administration of atropine.

Interactions

Sectral/Acebutolol should not be used with Verapamil or within several days of Verapamil therapy (and vice versa). Use with great care with any other calcium antagonists, particularly Diltiazem.

Class I anti-arrhythmic drugs (such as disopyramide) and amiodarone may increase atrial conduction time and induce negative inotropic effects when used concomitantly with beta-blockers.

In patients with labile and insulin-dependent diabetes, the dosage of the hypoglycaemic agent (ie insulin or oral diabetic drugs) may need to be reduced. However beta-blockers have also been known to blunt the effect of glibenclamide. Beta-adrenergic blockade may also prevent the appearance of signs of hypoglycaemia.

Cross reactions due to displacement of other drugs from plasma protein binding sites are unlikely due to the low degree of plasma protein binding exhibited by acebutolol and diacetolol.

If a beta-blocker is used concurrently with clonidine the latter should not be withdrawn until several days after the former is discontinued.

Acebutolol may antagonize the effect of sympathomimetic and xanthine bronchodilators.

Concurrent use of digoxin and beta blockers may occasionally induce serious bradycardia. The anti-hypertensive effects of beta blockers may be attenuated by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents.

Concomitant administration of tricyclic antidepressants, barbiturates and phenothiazines as well as other anti-hypertensive agent- may increase the blood pressure lowering effect of beta-blockers.

There is a theoretical risk that concurrent administration of monoamine oxidase inhibitors and high doses of beta-blockers, even if they are cardio-selective can produce hypertension.

SECTRAL/ACEBUTOLOL therapy should be brought to the attention of the anaesthetist prior to general anaesthesia. If treatment is continued, special care should be taken when using anaesthetic agents causing myocardial depression such as ether, cyclopropane and trichlorethylene.

Adverse Reactions

SECTRAL/ACEBUTOLOL possesses antihypertensive effects but these are unlikely to be noted in normotensive subjects. The side-effects common to beta-blockade include: bradycardia, heart failure, a slowing of AV conduction or increase of an existing AV block, hypotension, gastrointestinal effects (such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea), cold and cyanotic extremities, paraesthesia, Raynaud's syndrome, intermittent claudication, confusion, dizziness, impaired vision, headaches, shortness of breath, nightmares, hallucinations, psychoses and depression, loss of libido and lethargy. The low lipid solubility and lack of accumulation in CNS tissues of acebutolol and its active metabolite reduce the likelihood of sleep disturbances, depression or other central effects and such occurrences are rare.

Pulmonary infiltration and pneumonitis appear to be rare but potentially serious complications of beta-blockade therapy. Cases of pneumonitis have been reported with acebutolol.

There have been reports of skin rashes and/or dry eyes associated with the use of beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs. The reported incidence is small and in most cases the symptoms have cleared when treatment was withdrawn. Discontinuation of the drug should be considered in such cases.

Cessation of therapy with a beta-blocker should be gradual.

Although some patients have developed anti-nuclear factor titres, the incidence of associated clinical symptoms is rare and when present, these clear promptly on discontinuation of treatment. Rare cases of a Lupus-like syndrome have been reported.

Bronchospasm has occurred rarely during treatment with acebutolol.

SECTRAL/ACEBUTOLOL possesses antihypertensive effects but these are unlikely to be noted in normotensive subjects. The side-effects common to beta-blockade include: bradycardia, heart failure, a slowing of AV conduction or increase of an existing AV block, hypotension, gastrointestinal effects (such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea), cold and cyanotic extremities, paraesthesia, Raynaud's syndrome, intermittent claudication, confusion, dizziness, impaired vision, headaches, shortness of breath, nightmares, hallucinations, psychoses and depression, loss of libido and lethargy. The low lipid solubility and lack of accumulation in CNS tissues of acebutolol and its active metabolite reduce the likelihood of sleep disturbances, depression or other central effects and such occurrences are rare.

Pulmonary infiltration and pneumonitis appear to be rare but potentially serious complications of beta-blockade therapy. Cases of pneumonitis have been reported with acebutolol.

There have been reports of skin rashes and/or dry eyes associated with the use of beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs. The reported incidence is small and in most cases the symptoms have cleared when treatment was withdrawn. Discontinuation of the drug should be considered in such cases.

Cessation of therapy with a beta-blocker should be gradual. 

Although some patients have developed anti-nuclear factor titres, the incidence of associated clinical symptoms is rare and when present, these clear promptly on discontinuation of treatment. Rare cases of a Lupus-like syndrome have been reported.

Bronchospasm has occurred rarely during treatment with acebutolol.

Manufacturer

Drug Availability

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