What’s in this Alzheimers Knowledge Centre?
Prevalence of Alzheimers | Symptoms of Alzheimers | The stages Of Alzheimers | Types of Dementia | Disease Progression | Treatment Options |  Cholinesterae Inhibitors | NMDA Receptors Antagonists | Pipeline Treatments | Downloads | Clinical Studies | Useful Links | Patient Resources | Tips for Caregivers | Downloads for Patients | What the Experts Say | Active Ingredient & MoA | Indication & Diagnosis | Dosage Application | Evaluating Success | Side Effects & Interactions | Prescription & Costs | Acetylcholine | Agnosia | Apagia | Amyloid precursor protein | Antagonist | Aphasia | Apoptosis | Apraxia | Atrophy | ß-amyloid | Behavioural symptoms | Cognitive functions | Cognitive symptoms | Cyclooxygenase | Dysphasia | Dyspraxia | Encephalopathy | Excitotoxicity | γ-secretase | Glutamate | Hippocampus | Ischemic | Limbic system | Long-term potentiation | Litochondrium | MK-801 | Myoclonus | N-methyl-D-aspartate | NSAID | Neurodegeneration | Nucleus basalis magnocellularis | Parietal lobe | PCP | Plaque | Quinolinic acid | Synaptic cleft | Tangles | Temporal lobe

What’s in this Arthritis Knowledge Centre?
Osteoarthritis (OA) | Rheumatoid Arthritis | Inflammatory Arthritis | Diagnosis | Pain Assessment | Pain Management | Children and Older Adults | Treatment options | Non-Pharmacological Treatment | Pharmacological | Complementry Therapy | Surgery | Resources: Physicians | Resources: Patients

What’s in this Asthma Knowledge Centre?
Home | Definition | Prevalence | Burden | Causes of Asthma | Development & Progression of Asthma | Pathophysiology | The asthmatic response | Asthmatic Inflammation | Inflammation in the peripheral airways | Diagnosing | Assessment | Spirometry | Airway Responsiveness | Signs and Symptoms | Levels of asthma control | Classification | Education | Risk Factors | Non-Pharmacological | Pharmacological - Treatment steps for achieving control | stepwise approach | Corticosteroids | Alvesco | Pharmacokinetics | Pharmacodynamics | Clinical efficacy | Safety | Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC) | Monitoring | Resources

What’s in this Benign prostatic hyperplasia Knowledge Centre?
Understanding BPH: Definition | The Prostate |BPH Definition | BPH Clinical Features | Progression of BPH | Clinical Features | Prevalence and Burden | Management of BPH: Watchful Waiting | Phytotherapy | Pharmacotherapy | Surgical Interventions | Other Minimally Invasive Treatments: including Thermotherapy | Dutasteride: Product Characteristics | Efficacy Data | Safety and Tolerability Data | Effect on PSA | Additional Resources: BPH Guidelines| References | 5a-reductase | a-blocker | acute urinary retention (AUR) | anabolic steroid | androgen | anti-androgen | anticholinergic drugs | apoptosis benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) | cholestyramine | clastogen | cytochrome P450 | diazepam | digital rectal examination (DRE) | digoxin |dihydrotestosterone (DHT) | diltiazem | doxazosin | dribbling/terminal dribbling | Dysuria | epididymis | finasteride (Proscar) | frequency | gynaecomastia | haematuria | haematospermia | hesitancy | hydronephrosis | impotence | incontinence | indinavir |Incomplete voiding/emptying | intermittency | isoenzyme | itraconozole | ketoconazole | libido | malaise | mutagen | nefazodon | neoadjuvant therapy | nocturia | oestrogens | phenytoin | phytotherapy | prostate-specific antigen (PSA) | prostatectomy | Qmax | retrograde ejaculation | ritonavir | semen | seminal vesicles | spermatogenesis | tamsulosin | terazosin | testosterone | urgency | urosepsis | verapamil | volume of distribution | warfarin | watchful waiting | weak urinary stream

What’s in this Cholesterol Knowledge Centre?
Cholesterol | LDL/HDL | Lipoprotein Metabolism Cycles | Dyslipidaemia | Atherosclerosis | CV Risk Factors | Clinical Manifestation of Atherosclerosis | Atherosclerosis | Atherogenesis |  Prevalence and Incidence | Pathogenesis of Atherosclerotic Plaques | Plaque Formation | Invasive Imaging Techniques Used to Assess Atherosclerosis | Non-invasive techniques | Risk Assessment | Management Guidelines | NCEP ATP III Management Guidelines | Millimol Converter |  BMI Calculator | Treatment: Rosuvastatin | Efficacy | Safety and Tolerability | Controlled Clinical trials | Post-marketing surveillance | Pharmacoepidemiology | Fibrates | Bile Acid Sequestrants | Nicotinic Acid (Niacin) | Diet and Exercise | E-Learning | Useful Links | Case Studies | Angina | Arrhythmia | Arteries | Atheromatous Plaque | Atherosclerosis | Bile acids | Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) | Cardiovascular risk factor | Cerebrovascular accident | Cerebrovascular Disease (CBVD) | Cholesterol | Coronary heart disease (CHD) | Dyslipidaemia | Endogenous Pathway | Enzyme | Exogenous Pathway | Fibrates | Framingham Study | Global (or total) cardiovascular risk assessment | Gold standard therapy | HDL - cholesterol A | Intermittent claudication | Ischaemia | LDL-cholesterol | LDL-cholesterol | Lipoproteins | Modifiable risk factor | Myocardial Infarction (MI) | Myocardium | Nicotinic acid | Non-modifiable risk factor | Outcome | Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) | Placebo-control | Plaque | Primary Prevention | Randomised | Resins | Risk factor | Secondary prevention | Secretion | Synthesis | Starting dose | Statins Drugs | Titrate | Toxins | Transient ischaemic attack (TIA) | Triglyceride

What’s in this CML Knowledge Centre?
Home | Haematopoiesis | Haematological Malignancy and Leukaemia | Epidemiology | Clinical Presentation and Natural history of CML | Phases of Disease | Pathophysiology | Diagnosis | Prognosis | Goals of Therapy | Historical Perspective | Chemotherapy: Hydroxyurea and Busulfan | Interferon Alfa | Stem-Cell Transplantation | Current Treatment Options | Other Therapeutic Approaches | Ongoing Management | Response Criteria in Ph+ CML | European Leukemia Net Recommendations | Imatinib - Glivec | Indication | Mechanism of Action | Rationale | Efficacy of Glivec | Safety Information | Information for Physicians | Nilotinib | Useful Links (General)

What’s in this Diabetes Knowledge Centre?
Screening & Diagnosis | Lifestyle management | Oral Agents | Insulin Therapy | Dual Action | Short Term Action | Product benefits | References | Suitable Devices | In pump therapy | The Need For Insulin Analogues | Rationale | IDF 2005 |

What’s in this GIST Knowledge Centre?

Home- Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours (GIST) | Definition | Epidemiology | Etiology | Pathophysiology | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Histopathology | Immunohistochemistry | Differential Diagnosis | Prognosis | Goals of Therapy | Historical perspective | Current Options | Other Therapeutic Approaches |  Ongoing Management | Treatment Guidelines | Imatinib - Mechanism of Action | Rationale | Clinical Investigation | Monitoring | Progression |  Efficacy | Safety and Tolerability | Management of Adverse Events | Resistance
Information for Physicians | Useful Links (General)

What’s in this HPV & Cervical Cancer Knowledge Centre?
Overview | Human papillomavirus (HPV) | Natural History of HPV | HPV Transmission and Acquisition | Cervical Cancer Risk Factors | From Oncogenic HPV to Cervical Cancer | Immunology of  HPV Infection | Virology | The Character of HPV | HPV and Cervical cancer | Other Disease Caused by HPV | Epidemiology | Geography | Cervical Cancer and Age | Lifetime Risk of Cervical Cancer | The Cervix | Anatomy | Cell Biology | Immunology of the Cervix | Impact of abnormal screening results, pre-cancerous lesions and cervical cancer | Impact of abnormal screening results, pre-cancerous lesions and cervical cancer on quality of life (QoL) | Impact of Cervical Cancer on Years of Life Lost (YLL) | Societal costs of pre-cancerous lesions and Cervical Cancer | Prevention & Treatment of oncogenic HPV and cervical cancer | Screening for Cervical Cancer | Impact of Abnormal Screening Results | Treatment of CIN and Cervical Cancer | Prevention of Cervical Cancer where screening not implemented | Frequently Asked Questions | References | Acetowhitening | Adenocarcinoma | Age-standardised | Antibody | Antigen / Antigenic | Base pairs | Biopsy | Brachytherapy | Capsid | Cell-mediated | Cervical screening | Chemotherapy | CIN | | CIS | Colposcope | Co-morbid |Cryotherapy | Cytokines | Cytotoxic | Dysplasia / dysplasias | Dysplastic | Envelope | Epidemiology / epidemiological | Epithelial cells/epithelium | False negative | G1 phase | Genome | Homology | HPV | HSIL | Humoral | Hysterectomy | IgG (antibody) | Incidence/incidences | Lesions A general term to describe an area of abnormal tissue | Liquid-based cytology | LSIL | Limphangiogram | Menopause | Metaplastic/metaplasia | Metastasized | Mortality | Neoplastic | Odds ratio | Oncogenesis | Oncogenic |Oncogenic transformation | Pap | Parity | Persistent | Phylogenetics | Primary prevention | Promoter | Radiotherapy / Ionising radiation | Stages | Transcription | Transient | Transformation zone | Triage | Tumour | Vaccination | Vascularisation | Viraemia | Virion | X-rays | Years of life lost (YLL)

What’s in this Hypertension Knowledge Centre?
Home | Definition/Classification hypertension | Diagnostic Evaluation | Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors | The importance of Systolic Hypertension | Hypertension and the Metabolic Syndrome | Initiating Treatment | Lifestyle Interventions | Pharmacological Interventions   | Role played by angiotensin II and the sympathetic nervous system in determining systolic blood pressure | Role played by angiotensin II | Primary intervention studies using AIIAs |  A Dual Mechanism of Action | Overview of efficacy with eprosartan in essential hypertension | Eprosartan - effect on systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure | Other Efficacy Trials | Eprosartan in the secondary prevention of stroke: the MOSES study | Effect of eprosartan on blood platelets and fibrinolytic function | Renoprotection: the role of eprosartan | Tolerability and safety of eprosartan | Chemistry and pharmacokinetics of eprosartan | Dosage and administration of eprosartan | Summary: Benefits of eprosartan for patients with high blood pressure | References for Eprosartan | References for Moxonidine | Overview of moxonidine | Monotherapy - Efficacy of moxonidine versus active comparators | Dose-response of moxonidine |  Long-term efficacy | Role of moxonidine in combination with other antihypertensives | Moxonidine in postmenopausal hypertensive women | Moxonidine in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy | Renal protection: the role of moxonidine | Tolerability and safety of moxonidine | Chemistry and mode of action of moxonidine | The Effects of Moxonidine |  Pharmacokinetics of moxonidine | Dosage and administration of moxonidine | Therapeutic Approach in Special Conditions | Resources

What’s in this Insomnia Knowledge Centre?
Home | Insomnia | Types | Characterisation | Classification | Diagnosis | Prevalence | Impact of Insomnia | Understanding Sleep | Monitoring Sleep | Sleep Architecture | Sleep cycle stages |  Function of Sleep | Neurobiology of Sleep | Melatonin | Treatment Options | Non- pharmacological | Sleep Hygiene Education | Cognitive Therapy | Alternative Therapies | Melatonin receptor agonists | Circadin | Assessment Tools | Benzodiazepine receptor agonists | Antidepressants | Non prescription medications | Resources | Downloads for Patients | Useful Weblinks | FAQ | Abbreviations | Journal Abstracts

What’s in this Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) Knowledge Centre?
About Lysosomal Storage Disorders | When to suspect | Alerting symptoms | Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I (MPS I) | Gaucher disease | Fabry disease | Pompe disease | Diagnosis | Diagnostic tests for lysosomal storage disorders | Treatment options for MPS I, Gaucher, Fabry and Pompe disease | Learn more about lysosomal storage disorders: Disease Information | Learn more about lysosomal storage disorders: Treatment Information | List of relevant literature 

What’s in this Men's Health Knowledge Centre?
Home | Hypogonadism | Epidemiology | Etiology | Physiology and Pathophysiology | Biologic Effects of Androgens | Rationale for Therapy | Late-onset Hypogonadism (LOH) | Symptoms | Diagnosis of hypogonadism | Therapy Options | Initiating Treatment | Monitoring | Safety and Tolerability | Clinical Trials/Studies | Reviews | Algorithm | Patient Questionanaire and Evaluation Sheet

What’s in this Meningitis Knowledge Centre?
Home | Types/Causes | Bacterial meningitis | Neonatal meningitis | Viral meningitis | Other causes of meningitis | Transmission | Incidence | Meningococcal Meningitis | Pneumococcal Meningitis | Hib Meningitis | Risk Factors | Symptoms | Impact | Identification | Diagnosing | Diagnosis of Bacterial Meningitis | Neuro-imaging Studies | Diagnosis of Viral Meningitis | Clinical Features | Treatment | Antibiotic Treatment | Anti-inflammatory Agents | Reduction of Intracranial Pressure | Surgery | Chemoprophylaxis | Anti-viral Therapy | Non-pharmacological | Referral | Monitoring | Vaccination | Bacterial meningitis | N. Meningitis | S. Pneumoniae | Viral | Current vaccination policies in European countries | Chemoprophylaxis | Risk Reduction | Web Links | FAQ's | AIDS | Amoeba | Antibiotic | Antigen | Bacterium | Basilar skull fracture | Capsular polysaccharide | Carrier | Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | Chemoprophylaxis | Conjugate vaccine | Encephalitis | Endemic | Epidemic | Epidemiology | Fontanelle | Fungus | Gram stain | Haemorrhagic rash | Hib disease | Hib meningitis | Hib vaccine | Hypoglycorrhachia | Immunocompromised | Immunodeficient | Immunogenicity | Immunosuppressed | Meningitis C (MenC) vaccine | Meningitis C conjugate (MenCC) vaccine | Meninges | Meningitis | Meningitis belt | Meningococcal disease | Meningococcal meningitis | Meningococcus | Nasopharynx | Neisseria meningitidis | Neonate | Pleocytosis | Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) | Pneumococcal disease | Pneumococcal meningitis | Pneumococcus | Polysaccharide vaccine | Septicaemia | Sequela | Serogroup | Sterile | Subarachnoid space | Tinnitus | Virus

What’s in this Migraine Knowledge Centre?
Home | Is it Migraine? | Migraine: Quick Check | Migraine without aura: International Headache Society classification | Migraine with typical aura: International Headache Society classification | Headache | Primary headache | Secondary headache | Migraine Aetiology | What is Migraine? | What Causes Migraine? | Migraine triggers | Migraine Epidemiology | Economic Impact of Migraine | Treating Migraine | Screening | Diagnosis | Migraine Treatment Guidelines | Headache Care for Practising Physicians (HCPC) | US Headache Consortium Guidelines | Migraine Treatment Options | Acute Migraine Treatments | Triptans | Other acute migraine treatments | Preventative Migraine Treatments | Non-Pharmacological Migraine Treatments | Migraine Treatment Strategies | Step Care Across Attacks | Step Care Within Attacks | Stratified Care | Zomig | Zomig Nasal Spray | 'Zomig Rapimelt' | 'Zomig' Classic Tablets | Zomig full prescribing information | Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) Questionnaire | Patient Diary | Managing Your Migraine Booklet | Migraine & Headache Resources | American Headache Society (AHS) | Analgesics | Migraine Aura | Basilar-type migraine | Biofeedback | Chronic migraine | Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania | Classic migraine (migraine with typical aura) | Cluster headache | Cognitive behavioural therapy | Common migraine (migraine without aura) | Disability In Strategies of Care (DISC) study | Ergotamine | Familial hemiplegic migraine | Headache Care for Practising Physicians (HCPC) | Headache diary | International Headache Society (IHS) | Landmark study | Medication-overuse headache | Menstrual migraine | Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) questionnaire | Migraineur | New daily persistent headache (NDPH) | ODT | Osmophobia | Phonophobia | Photophobia | Primary headache | Prophylactic medication | Secondary headache | Serotonin | Short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT) | Sinister headache | Tension-type headache |Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) | Trigger | Triptans | US Headache Consortium |

What’s in this Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Knowledge Centre?
Home | Non-small Cell Lung Cancer | Causes | Risk Factors | Histology/Pathology | Disease Staging/Prognosis | TNM Systems | Factors that affect prognosis | Signs and Symptoms | Diagnosis | Early Stage disease (stage I, II, IIIA) | Treatment Strategies | Advanced disease (stage IV) | Quality of Life in advanced NSCLC | Future Strategies | Treatment Therapies | Chemotherapy | First-line Therapy | Second-line Therapy | Unmet clinical need in advanced NSCLC | Targeted therapies - Overview of cytotoxic drugs | Recent developments in Cancer Cell Biology | Current therapy - Erlotinib | Resources | Downloads - Physicians Materials | Patient | Downloads - Patient support|

What’s in this Ophthalmics Knowledge Centre?
Age-Related Macular Degeneration | Choroidal neovascularization | Clinical development | Efficacy | Safety | Pharmacokinetics | Pharmacodynamics | Administration and light application | Patient information | References | Chronic Eye Discomfort | Allergic Irritation | Allergen Challenge Studies Versus Placebo | Studies with Active Controls | Nasal Effects/Adjuntive or Combined Therapy | Quality of Life | Safety | Product Summary | Delaying Progression | Lutein |The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) | Clinical Reports | Physician downloads | Patient Resources

What’s in this Opioids and Pain Knowledge Centre?
Prevalence of chronic pain | Types of chronic pain | Pain measurement | Effects | Initiating opioid therapy | Monitoring | Medication Additional and complementary therapy | Opioids | History | Classification | Why opioids? | Administration | Use in palliative care | Adverse effects | Misconceptions | Web links | Downloads | Multimedia

What’s in this Parkinson's Knowledge Centre?

Home | Pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease | Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease | Making a diagnosis of Parkinson's disease | Assessing Parkinson's disease severity | References Cited | Treatment options | Conventional levodopa | Limitations with conventional levodopa therapy | Modification strategies for conventional levodopa | Dopamine agonists | Amantadine | Catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors | Monoamine oxidase B inhibitors | Mode of action of anti-parkinsonian therapy | Surgical options | Making therapy choices (based on EFNS guidelines) | Established/advanced Parkinson's disease | Patient communication aids - resources for physicians to provide to patients | Information for healthcare professionals | Building a Parkinson's disease patient-care team | Diagnostic and patient assessment tools | Publications | Meetings reports | Congress Calendar | Links to international professional groups/organisations

What’s in this Renal Anaemia Knowledge Centre?
Renal Anaemia Home | Definition | Epidemiology of CKD | Incidence and Prevalence of Stage 5 CKD | Treatment of CKD | Renal Anaemia: Definition | Causes | Effects | Challenges | Associated Symptoms | CKD and Anaemia | CKD and renal Anaemia | Implications of CKD related anaemia | AnaemiaWorld | Diagnosis: Overview | Haemoglobin levels in renal anaemia | Diagnostic flow chart | Diagnostic tests: Establishing the cause of anaemia | Diagnostic tests: Determining kidney function | Diagnostic tests: Comorbidities tests | Introduction | Anaemia Treatment In CKD Patients | Current Challenges in the Management of CKD-Related Anaemia | Introducing C.E.R.A |  mode of action | Safety | SPC | Clinical Study highlights | Treatment guidelines | Current issues in anaemia management | Useful External Links | Affinity | Anaemia | Biosimilar | Bone marrow | Chronic hypoxaemic pulmonary disease | Chronic kidney disease | CKD-related anaemia | Complete blood count | Correction therapy | Creatinine | Dialysis | Disordered growth signals  | End-stage renal disease (ESRD) | Epoetin | Erythrocyte | Erythropoietin | Ferritin | Folate | Glomerulonephritis | Haemoglobin | Homeostasis | Hypertension | Inhibitory concentration (IC50) | Kidney failure | Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) | Maintenance therapy | Nephron | PRCA | Pathological organ function | Platelet | Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) | Red blood cell (erythrocyte) | Renal anaemia Anaemia | Reticulocyte count | Titration period | Transferrin | Vitamin B12

What’s in this Thrombosis Knowledge Centre?
Home | Definition | Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) | What is DVT? | What is post-thrombotic syndrome? | Pulmonary Embolism | Epidemiology of VTE | risk factors | Risk Stratification for VTE | Coronary Syndromes | Diagnosing Deep-vein Thrombosis | Pulmonary Embolism | Prevention | Management of DVT | Management of Pulmonary Embolism  | Post-Thrombotic Syndrome | Acute Coronary Syndromes | Non-pharmacological prevention | Heparins | LMWH | Anto Xa Ingibitor | Pharmacological Properties | Presentation | Administration | Safety Information | Orthopaedic Surgery | Medical Patients | VTE | Summary | Thromboprophylaxis | Anticoagulants | Monitoring | Complications | Resources | Patient downloads | Weblinks | FAQ | Glossary | Further Reading